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Profitability and Efficiency Ratios

Turning resources into returns 

Understand ROE, ROA, and ROIC: the core ratios investors use to judge whether a company is creating real value or simply growing its earnings without improving efficiency.

Why Profitability Ratios Matter 

Earnings tell you what a company made, but profitability ratios explain how it made it. 

Two firms can report the same profit, yet one may be far more efficient at using its assets, capital, or investment base to generate those results.  

Profitability ratios help investors judge whether a business is creating real value or simply growing by spending more. 

They reveal quality, discipline, and potential in a way raw earnings can’t, showing how well a company can sustain its performance over time.

Return on Equity (ROE) 

Return on Equity or ROE measures how effectively a company turns shareholder capital into profit. 

  • Formula: net income ÷ shareholder equity
  • High ROE: efficient use of capital, strong competitive position
  • Low ROE: weak profitability or heavy reinvestment needs

ROE helps investors compare companies with different sizes or business models on equal footing. 

A firm with modest earnings but consistently high ROE may be creating more value than a larger, less efficient competitor.

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Which Sectors ROE Works Best For 

At Momus Partners, Jonah explains to Xue that ROE is most useful in sectors where either profitability is high or leverage is central to the business model.  

Capital-light, high-margin industries, such as software, technology, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare services, often generate strong ROE because they need little equity to produce meaningful profit.  

ROE is equally important in financial sectors like banking and insurance, where firms use leverage to earn returns on large balance sheets.

Return on Assets (ROA) 

Return on Assets or ROA shows how well a company uses its assets, like factories or software, to generate profit. 

  • Formula: net income ÷ total assets
  • High ROA: strong asset efficiency, good pricing power
  • Low ROA: heavy asset base or weak profitability

It tells how much profit each dollar of assets produces and works best when comparing firms within the same industry. 

ROA reflects the impact of debt: as leverage increases, ROE will rise faster than ROA because the same profit is spread over less equity.

Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) 

Return on Invested Capital or ROIC is a favorite of many professional investors because it measures how well a company turns all invested capital — debt and equity — into returns. 

  • Formula: after-tax operating profit ÷ invested capital
  • High ROIC: strong competitive advantage, disciplined investment
  • Low ROIC: poor capital allocation or weak business economics

ROIC helps judge whether the company’s growth is value creating or value destroying for investors.

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